Vol. XXVII, No. 5 (September – October 2023)
Full issue:    EC_5_2023_eng_opt.pdf

CONTENTS

CRYOGENIC PHENOMENA IN SEAS AND OCEANS

  • Rokos S.I., Kostin D.A., Tulapin A.V., Kulikov S.N., Dlugach А.G. Frozen and cryotic soils in the Baydarata Bay area Long-term monitoring of the active layer thickness in typical tundras of the Western Yamal Cryogenic rapidcreekite of the Malaya Nizhneudinskaya cave (Eastern Siberia)
    Abstract
    The purpose of this study is to establish the genesis and conditions of formation of different types of sediments in the permafrost area of Baydarata Bay. Perennially and seasonally frozen and perennially and seasonally cryotic sediments have been identified on the basis of temperature measurements in core samples obtained during geotechnical drilling and temperature cone penetration tests along the profile crossing the bay. We suppose that permafrost was formed in this area in the course of epigenetic freezing during the Sartan regression. Seasonally frozen soil of the seafloor is subdivided into two types. The first type is characteristic of coastal shallows, where landfast ice contacts the seafloor. The second type is formed in the seaward part of the water area during the cold season, when the temperature of near-bottom seawater drops to values below the freezing point. Perennially cryotic (but unfrozen) soil is formed below the depth of the 0° isotherm traced during the warm season. Seasonally cryotic soil above this isotherm has above-zero temperatures in the warm season. In the winter season, under the impact of subzero temperatures of seafloor water, it is transformed into the cryotic or seasonally frozen state.
     Keywords
    the Kara Sea, the Baydarata Bay, permafrost, frozen soil, cryotic soil, seasonally frozen soil, subsea permafrost, soil temperature, melting point temperature, temperature cone penetration test, Quaternary sediments

  • Kharitonov V.V. Porosity distribution in the unconsolidated part of pressure ice ridges
    Abstract
    This study is devoted to substantiating the theoretical dependences of the porosity of the unconsolidated part of pressure ice ridges on the distance from the edges of the sail or keel. According to the crushing theory, particle sizes in crushed material follow a lognormal distribution. Ice blocks in unconsolidated parts of ice ridges can be considered as such crushed material. Information on the sizes of ice blocks and voids has been obtained from data on the penetration rate of thermal drilling of ice ridges and grounded ice ridges (stamukhas). It is argued that the average porosity of an ice ridge as calculated from thermal drilling data for a given depth is an estimate of the probability of finding a void at this depth. A statistical model of the depth-wise porosity distribution in the keel and sail of ice ridges as granular media is suggested. The average vertical size of voids decreases with distance from the edge of the keel or sail according to a logarithmic law, and the average vertical size of ice blocks remains approximately the same. The average porosity of the unconsolidated sail and keel changes according to a lognormal law with distance from their edge, and the porosity of the sail is approximately two times less than the porosity of the keel.
     Keywords
    ice ridge, stamukha, sail, keel, ice block, void, probability, lognormal distribution

SNOW COVER AND GLACIERS

  • Ananicheva M.D., Aleinikov A.A., Kononov Yu.M. Revising the Catalog of the Koryak Highland glaciers using archival CORONA images and comparison with Sentinel-2 images against the backdrop of changing climate
    Abstract
    In recent decades, glaciers in Northern Siberia and the Far East have been influenced by climate change, especially small forms of glaciation. This process is also typical for the glaciers of the Koryak Highland. To assess the dynamics of glaciation in this region, data from CORONA (1972) and Sentinel-2 (2019) images, as well as the Catalog of Glaciers of the USSR (mid-1960s) were used. The catalog for the Koryak Highland was compiled based on data from topographic maps and aerial photographs. The number of glaciers included in this catalog is almost 2.5 times higher than the number of glaciers identified on satellite images. For the studied region, the new electronic catalog Glaciers of Russia records 890 glaciers with a total area of 296.29 km2. This region is abundant in rock glaciers, and apparently the Catalog of Glaciers of the USSR (and perhaps the new electronic inventory) mistook many rock glaciers for living glaciers at the time of its compilation. Therefore, the authors made a new estimate of glacier areas using CORONA images. The discrepancies between the areas of glaciers indicated in the catalog and identified on satellite images were determined for groups of glaciers.
     Keywords
    the Koryak Highland, glacier, glacier area, temperature, precipitation, temperature trend, precipitation trend, rock glacier, CORONA, Sentinel-2 images

METHODS OF CRYOSPHERIC RESEARCH

  • Olenchenko V.V., Faguet A.N., Overduin P., Angelopoulos M. Geoelectric structure of the subsea permafrost in the Uomullakh-Kyuel Lagoon (Laptev Sea)
    Abstract
    We performed geophysical studies to determine the structure of the frozen layer around and below the Uomullakh-Kyuel Lagoon, the lagoon itself being a reference landform sculpted by thermokarst and thermal abrasion of the sea shoreline. The main purpose of the study was to determine talik depth under lagoon, or the position of the subsea permafrost boundary. We performed electromagnetic and electrical studies with transient electromagnetic sounding and electrical resistivity tomography from lagoon ice during winter period and from water surface in summer. We matched borehole section data with temperature data from the same borehole and also with surface geophysical data. This comparison showed patterns of modern and relict taliks in the form of low electrical resistivity layers. We demonstrate that modern talik has developed to the depth of 30 m. At the same time, the relict talik is located between depths of 80–100 m, which correlates with data acquired by other researchers. We suggest that relict talik has a hydrological connection to the strata located under the seafloor; therefore, it is seen clearly on geoelectric cross section. The lake that formed the relict talik had a size of at least 1450 by 900 m. Electrical resistivity tomography data acquired from the lagoon surface shows fragments of boundaries between frozen and unfrozen sediments. Numerical modeling shows that electrical resistivity tomography quantitatively underestimates resistivity of the frozen ground by 5 to 10 times. In the subaerial–subaquatic transition zone, we track a gradual descent of the permafrost upper boundary and map a permafrost overhang, which sometimes appears beneath shallow water bodies. We suggest that a gradual decrease in electrical resistivity in the direction from the seashore to the sea basin corresponds to the amount of salt transported into the sediments and an increase in their temperature.
     Keywords
    permafrost, subaquatic permafrost, talik, electromagnetic sounding, electrical resistivity tomography

    CRYOSOPHY

  • Melnikov V.P., Brouchkov A.V., Fedorov R.Yu. Cryosophy: towards cognition of the unity and diversity of the world of cold
    Abstract
    Cryosophy can be considered as conceptual meta-views of cryology. Its main goals are the interdisciplinary integration of ideas about cold and creation of conceptual models ensuring the holistic perception of the cryosphere. To achieve these goals, the scientific understanding of the cryosphere as a system, which would rely on modern general theoretical approaches that have overcome logical empiricism on the way to holism with its epistemological principle “the whole is always more than just the sum of its parts” is of major importance. One of the crucial factors that prevented the formation of a holistic scientific picture of the Earth’s cryosphere during the 20th century was that the cold shell of the planet, which consists of the glaciosphere, cryolithosphere, and atmosphere, was studied by different scientific disciplines. Only at present, the scientific community has made the first steps in considering the cryosphere as an almost one hundred-kilometer sphere around the Earth, the near-surface and subsurface parts of which occupy significant territories of continents and oceans. Given similar understanding, the Earth’s cryosphere can be interpreted as a global geosystem, which penetrates significant areas of commonly accepted geospheres–atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere, as well as soil horizons and largely determines the matter and energy exchange between them. The examples presented in this paper indicate that the key to understanding the unity and diversity of the world of cold is the philosophical comprehension of the cryosphere as a complex system. Such an understanding should make it possible to overcome logical empiricism and reductionism on the way to holism.
     Keywords
    cryosphere, cryosophy, phase transitions, classification of cryogenic objects, cryodiversity